diff --git a/ep2.tex b/ep2.tex index 4ba9ba0..7be9dd0 100644 --- a/ep2.tex +++ b/ep2.tex @@ -21,105 +21,103 @@ \date{\today} \title{Mathematics of Programming Languages} -\setep{02}{What is Mathematics?} +\setep{02}{Basics of Logic} \begin{document} \maketitle -\begin{frame}{Why did I choose to make this?}{} +\begin{frame}{Why logic?}{} \begin{itemize} - \item Originally, I just wanted to start from logic - \item I read a tweet which made me think not everyone knows what math really is - \item I started to ask around online and even on the street + \item Logic serves as the backbone of computer science + \item it provides the fundamental principles and tools necessary for understanding, + designing, and building complex systems + \item It forms the basis of logical reasoning, proofs, problem solving, and program correctness. + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + + +\begin{frame}{What is logic?}{} + \begin{itemize} + \item One of the key aspects of Mathematics is unambiguity + \item The study of the principles of reasoning + \item Logic is tool to remove ambiguity from our arguments and thoughts + \item Most of the definitions of formal logic have been developed so that they agree with the + natural or intuitive logic used by people. + \item The difference between formal logic and intuitive logic exists to avoid ambiguity and obtain consistency. + \item To put it simply logic is all about what counts as a good argument. A good argument is a valid argument. One that, preserves truth from premises to conclusion. + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Arguments}{Propositional logic} + \begin{itemize} + \item An argument is a sequence of statements aimed at demonstrating the truth of an assertion. + \item The assertion at the end of the sequence is called the \textbf{conclusion}. + \item The preceding statements are called \textbf{premises}. + \item As an example:\\ + \begin{flalign*} + &\text{If} \overbrace{\text{Earth is a planet}}^{\textit{premise}} \text{then} \overbrace{\text{Earth is round}}^{\textit{conclusion}}\\ + &\text{Earth is a planet}\\ + \therefore \hspace{0.2em} &\text{Earth is round}. + \end{flalign*} + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Arguments}{Symbolic logic} + \begin{itemize} + \item In logic, the form of an argument is distinguished from its content. + \item Logic, won't help you determine the intrinsic merit of an argument’s content. + \item It will help you analyze an argument’s form to determine whether the truth of the conclusion follows \textit{necessarily} from the truth of the premises. + \begin{flalign*} + &\text{If} \overbrace{\text{Earth is a planet}}^{\textit{p}} \text{then} \overbrace{\text{Earth is round}}^{\textit{q}}\\ + &\overbrace{\text{Earth is a planet}}^{\textit{p}}\\ + \therefore \hspace{0.2em} &\overbrace{\text{Earth is round}}^{\textit{q}}. + \end{flalign*} +\item Convension: We will use letters \textit{p}, \textit{q}, and \textit{r} to represent +component sentences. + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + + +\begin{frame}{Proposition}{} + \begin{itemize} + \item In any mathematical theory, new terms are defined by using those that have been + previously defined. (E.g. A mathematical system) + \item This process has to start somewhere + \item In logic, the words \textbf{\textit{sentence}}, \textbf{\textit{true}}, \textbf{\textit{false}} are the initial + undefined terms + \item A \textbf{proposition} (or \textbf{statement}) is a sentence that is true or false but not both. + \item For example: \begin{itemize} - \item To my surprise, the majority of people got it wrong too - \item Even other engineers and scientists + \item ``Earth is a planet'' (true) + \item ``Earth is flat'' (false) + \item $x + 5 > 0$ (Depends on the value of $x$) + \item ``How are you?'' (not a proposition) + \end{itemize} \end{itemize} \end{frame} -\begin{frame}{What was the tweet all about?}{} - \begin{figure} - \centering - \pic{ep2/tweet.png}{0.4} - \end{figure} - +\begin{frame}{Compound propositions}{} +\begin{itemize} +\item We can use \textbf{logical connectives} to connect propositions together to form compound propositions. +\item For example: + \begin{itemize} + \item $\overbrace{\text{\say{Earth is a planet}}}^{\textit{p}}$ \textbf{or} $\overbrace{\text{\say{Sun is a planet}}}^{\textit{q}}$ + \item $\overbrace{\text{\say{Alice is at work}}}^{\textit{p}}$ \textbf{and} $\overbrace{\text{\say{Bob is at work}}}^{\textit{q}}$ + \item $\overbrace{\text{\say{Earth is \textbf{not} flat}}}^{\textit{p}}$ + \end{itemize} +\end{itemize} \end{frame} -\begin{frame}{Why do we have to start from here?}{} +\begin{frame}{More symbols}{} + Let's rewrite the propositions from before using symbolic variables: \begin{itemize} - \item Understanding Mathematics helps us to think better - \item To asking the right question - \item There's no consensus on the definition of mathematics, but I'll give you mine - \item My goal is to get you to think + \item $\overbrace{\text{\say{Earth is a planet}}}^{\textit{p}}$ \textbf{or} $\overbrace{\text{\say{Sun is a planet}}}^{\textit{q}}$: ($p \lor q$) + \item $\overbrace{\text{\say{Alice is at work}}}^{\textit{p}}$ \textbf{and} $\overbrace{\text{\say{Bob is at work}}}^{\textit{q}}$: ($p \land q$) + \item $\overbrace{\text{\say{Earth is \textbf{not} flat}}}^{\textit{p}}$: ($\neg p$) \end{itemize} \end{frame} - -\begin{frame}{So, What is mathematics?}{} - \begin{itemize} - \item ``Mathematics is the language in which God has written the universe'' - \item To put it simply, Mathematics is a language with a specific set of properties - \item Usually, a language enables us to express something - \item For example, musical notation is the language to express music - - \end{itemize} -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame}{Language of Music}{} - \centering - Anyone who speaks the language of musical notations understands this sheet - \begin{figure} - \centering - \pic{ep2/music_score.png}{0.65} - - Maths is the same, I can express my thoughts about something in terms of mathematics - \end{figure} -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame}{Maths the Framework}{} - \begin{itemize} - \item One can produce nonsense in Maths as well - \item But maths provides a framework that eliminates nonsense, errors and ambiguity - \item Mathematics is a precise language - \end{itemize} -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame}{Not just a language}{} - \begin{itemize} - \item It's not just a language, it's a language + reasoning, it's a tool for reasoning - \item It's a big collection of some people's careful thoughts - \item In form of provable and precise statements - \end{itemize} -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame}{So, What is mathematics?}{} - \begin{itemize} - \item By Mathematics, it is possible to connect one statement to others. - \item Mathematics is a way of going from one set of statements to another via reason. - \item It's an interconnected web, how an idea in one field drives you to others - \end{itemize} - -\end{frame} - - -\begin{frame}{What are those statements all about?}{} - \begin{itemize} - \item Humans are pattern recognizing machines. (We will talk about it more in the episode) - \item Mathematics is all about generalizing those patterns via abstractions - \item And study the relations between those abstractions - \item Usually, there are more than one way to describe the same thing - \item different between doing math and using math - \begin{itemize} - \item Mathematicians want to make their reasoning as general as possible - \item But math users usually want special cases - \end{itemize} - \end{itemize} -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame}{} -\end{frame} - \begin{frame}{Contact}{} Please, share your thoughts and ideas or researches and papers that you want me to have a look at via: \begin{itemize} diff --git a/ep3.tex b/ep3.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cc635f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/ep3.tex @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +\usepackage[sfdefault]{roboto} %% Option 'sfdefault' only if the base font of the document is to be sans serif +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\mdseries +\documentclass{article} +\begin{document} +\begin{math} + \psi(x_b, t_b) = \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} K(b, a)\psi(x_a, t_a)dx_a + \end{math} +%% K(b, a) = (\frac{m}{ih(t_b - t_a)})^\frac{1}{2} exp \frac{im(x_b - x_a)^2}{2\hbar(t_b - t_a)} +\end{document} diff --git a/lxpresent.cls b/lxpresent.cls index 7e050d6..2a294d4 100644 --- a/lxpresent.cls +++ b/lxpresent.cls @@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ \RequirePackage[normalem]{ulem} \RequirePackage{amsmath} \RequirePackage{amssymb} +\RequirePackage{mathtools} +\RequirePackage{dirtytalk} \RequirePackage{capt-of} \newcommand*{\setep}[2]{\def\@ep{#1}\def\@eptitle{#2}}